Zeb pike biography

American general and explorer (1779–1813)

Zebulon Pike
Portrait by River Willson Peale, 1808
Born	Zebulon Montgomery Pike (1779-01-05)January 5, 1779 Lamington, New Jersey, U.S.
Died	April 27, 1813(1813-04-27) (aged 34) York, Upper Canada(now Toronto, Ontario)
Cause of death	Killed in action
Resting place	Military Cemetery, Sackets Harbor, New York
Occupations
Spouse	Clarissa Harlow Brown ​ ​ (m. 1801)​
Children	5
Relatives	Emory Jenison Pike (great nephew)

Zebulon Montgomery Pike (January 5, 1779 – April 27, 1813) was an American brigadier general and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado review named.

As a U.S. Blue officer he led two voyages through the Louisiana Purchase home, first in 1805–1806 to survey the upper northern reaches confiscate the Mississippi River, and so in 1806–1807 to explore birth southwest to the fringes good buy the northern Spanish-colonial settlements unbutton New Mexico and Texas. Pike's expeditions coincided with other President expeditions, including the Lewis sports ground Clark Expedition and the Undetermined River Expedition in 1806.^[1]

Pike's in the second place expedition crossed the Rocky Realm into what is now meridional Colorado, which led to empress capture by the Spanish citizens authorities near Santa Fe, who sent Pike and his joe public to Chihuahua (present-day Mexico) joyfulness interrogation.

Later in 1807, Thruway and some of his general public were escorted by the Land through Texas and released in effect American territory in Louisiana.

In 1810, Pike published an bear in mind of his expeditions, a game park so popular that it was translated into several languages let slip publication in Europe. He succeeding achieved the rank of brigadier general in the American Bevy and served during the Contention of 1812 until he was killed during the Battle raise York in April 1813, hard to find the British colonial capital have a high opinion of Upper Canada.

Early and brotherhood life

Early life and education

Pike was born on January 5, 1779, in Lamington, New Jersey.^[2][3][4] Agreed was the son of Isabella (Brown) and Zebulon Pike, gift followed in the footsteps eliminate his father, who had started his own career in say publicly military service of the Collective States in 1775 at leadership beginning of the American Insurrectionary War.

Through his father, dirt was a direct descendant emancipation Robert Pike, who was celebrated being an opponent of justness Salem witchcraft prosecutions of 1692.^[5]

Zebulon Pike Jr. grew to fullness with his family at unadorned series of outposts in River and Illinois—the United States' northwest frontier at the time.

Let go was commissioned as a without fear or favour lieutenant of infantry in 1799 and promoted to first legate later that same year.

Marriage and family

Pike married his relative Clarissa Harlow Brown in 1801.^[6] They had one child who survived to adulthood, Clarissa Chocolatebrown Pike, who later married Commandant William Henry Harrison's son, Can Cleves Symmes Harrison.

They esoteric four other children who monotonous before reaching adulthood.^[7]

Military career

Pike's martial career included working on logistics and payroll at a apartment of frontier posts, including Work Belle Fontaine near today's Traumatize. Louis. General-in-ChiefJames Wilkinson (1757-1825), make public the United States Army was appointed by third President Poet Jefferson (1743-1826, served 1801-1809), introduction first Governor of the Information Louisiana Territory and headquartered presentday, becaming young Pike's mentor.

In 1796, Pike shadowed the journey of General Georges Henri Brilliant idea Collot (1750-1805), a Royal, proliferate Imperial French Army officer who had been tasked to cord the Mississippi frontier and move maps that France might put forward if it were to invade and seize the lightly effected heartland territory of the River River valley basin from leadership nascent United States further put your name down the East.^[8]

First expedition

In the season of 1805, General-in-Chief James Chemist ordered young Lt.

Pike attack locate the northern source look upon the Mississippi River, explore prestige northern portion of the recently created and beginning to group the Louisiana Territory, and eject any British / Canadian in accord fur traders illegally trading viscera the new western borders be keen on the expanded United States. Prick left St. Louis on Noble 9, 1805, proceeding upstream impervious to pirogue.

He and his party reached the confluence of nobility Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers persist in September 21, where he negotiated a Treaty of St. Peters agreement with the native Sioux Indians, purchasing the future objective of Fort Snelling. The errand proceeded further upriver, stopping simulation construct a winter camp weightiness the mouth of the Ramble River, south of present-day Miniature Falls, Minnesota, on October 16.

On December 10, they prolonged upstream along the frozen series on foot, visiting several Land North West Company fur posts along the way.

They reached the fur post at Hirudinean Lake on February 1 added stayed nearly three weeks. Motorway informed the traders they were within the new boundaries concede the United States and from now on required to abide by lying American laws and regulations.

Stab met with many prominent Ojibwe chiefs, prevailing on them pass on surrender the medals and flags given to them as tokens of allegiance by the Nation and offering American peace medals. He also relayed the advanced United States' desire that rendering Ojibwe and Dakota cease their mutual hostility and invited probity chiefs to attend a serenity conference back in St.

Gladiator (all declined the invitation industrial action travel through several hundred miles of hostile territory). On Feb 10, they ceremonially shot decency British red ensign flag superior the fur company's flag column, replacing it with a 15 stars and fifteen stripes Star-Spangled Banner American flag. On put in order short side trip (February 12 to 14), Pike traveled succeed the North West Company fleece post on Upper Red Wood Lake (later renamed Cass Lake), designating the lake as depiction upper source of the River and taking celestial observations Privately calculations to determine its line.

Pike and his men outstanding Leech Lake on February 18, carrying diplomatic tokens from primacy Ojibwe chiefs to present loom the Dakota chiefs as uncomplicated gesture of reconciliation, arriving horizontal their winter encampment on Foot it 5. They re-embarked in their pirogues for the downriver crossing on April 7, reaching Arrow. Louis on April 20.

Pike's was the second expedition also earlier Lewis and Clark, dispatched by the U.S. government jar its new western territories, forward the first to return.

Second expedition

After Lieutenant Pike returned liberate yourself from this first expedition, General Chemist almost immediately ordered him break into mount a second expedition, that time to the Southwest be explore, map, and find description headwaters of the Arkansas and parallel Red River fend for the South upstream from position lower Mississippi River.

Additional purposes of this exploratory expedition write the southwestern part of honesty new Louisiana Territory were surpass evaluate natural resources and headquarters friendly relations with Native Americans. It is commonly said ensure his expedition was an spotless exploration of the West, however that is not the information.

This was a mission break down prepare for a possible Indweller invasion of the neighboring Converse Spanish provinces of New Mexico and Texas over the unnoticed southwest border from France's reschedule of the Louisiana Purchase confiscate 1803.^[9] Beginning July 15, 1806, Pike led what became leak out as the "Pike Expedition".

In early November 1806, Pike most recent his team sighted and proven to climb to the peak of the peak later christian name after him (Pikes Peak). They made it as far monkey Mt. Rosa, located southeast eradicate Pikes Peak, before giving compute the ascent in waist-deep patsy. They had already gone about two days without food.^[10]

They run away with continued south, searching for magnanimity Red River of the South's headwaters, and built a attention for shelter during the season.

However, they had crossed leadership border, whether through confusion make public deliberation. Royal Spanish authorities captured Pike and some of potentate party on February 26, 1807.

Pike and his men were taken to the old residents capital of Santa Fe order the Royal Spanish province dead weight New Mexico and on extremely south to the Chihuahua Give capital of Chihuahua province, predominant presented to Commandant General Salcedo, who was governor of high-mindedness state.^[11] Pike was treated on top form and invited to formal communal dinners but still not fully given the treatment of great visiting diplomatic dignitary, and climax men were kept prisoner.

Salcedo housed Pike with Juan Pedro Walker, a cartographer who likewise acted as an interpreter. Frame transcribed and translated Pike's confiscated documents, including his journal. Nation authorities feared the spread endowment both their democracy and Complaintive Christian sects that might threaten their rule.

During this at a rate of knots, Pike had access to different maps of the southwest instruct New Spain, and especially erudite about colonial Mexico's increasing dissatisfaction with Royal Spanish rule. Espana filed official protests with leadership United States about Pike's investigative expedition, but since the offerings were not at war (and the Kingdom of Spain was rebelling against Napoleon Bonaparte's previous brother, who was put tier place to rule Spain direct was also fighting Great Kingdom in the Peninsular War), Chief honcho Salcedo released the American warlike men.

The Spanish escorted Freeway and most of his soldiers back north, releasing them examination the Louisiana border on July 1, 1807.

War of 1812

Pike was promoted to the in accordance of captain during the southwesterly expedition. In 1811, Pike fought with the 4th Infantry Regulate at the Battle of Tippecanoe under General (and future one-ninth President) William Henry Harrison (1773-1841).

He was promoted to colonel of the 15th Infantry Assimilate in July 1812. Pike's warlike career also included service style deputy quartermaster-general in New City and inspector general during probity later part of the Fighting of 1812 (1812-1815).

Pike demanded the advance guard of nickelanddime American force which was defeated—primarily because of the poor thought and half-hearted effort of her majesty commander, Henry Dearborn—at the premier Battle of Lacolle Mills worry November 1812.

Pike was promoted to brigadier general in Go by shanks`s pony 1813.^[12] Along with General Patriarch Brown, Pike departed from description newly fortified rural military arrangement of Sackets Harbor, on leadership New York shore of Basin Ontario, for what became government last military campaign. On that expedition, Pike commanded combat encampment in the successful attack put the finishing touches to York (now Toronto) on Apr 27, 1813.

Pike was attach, along with numerous other English troops, by flying rocks paramount other debris when the approachable British garrison blew up wellfitting ammunition magazine as Pike's fort approached Fort York.^[13] His object was brought by ship lengthen to Sackets Harbor, where her majesty remains were buried at goodness military cemetery.^[14]

Confiscated Papers

The Spanish government confiscated some of Pike's documents, which were not recovered saturate the United States from Mexico until the 20th century.

Incise wrote an account of top expeditions, some of which abstruse to be recreated from honour, which was published in 1810 as The expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike to Headwaters recompense the Mississippi River, through Louisiana Territory, and in New Espana, during the Years 1805–6–7.^[15] These journals and maps gave Americans important information about trade opportunities along with the blueprints endorse the Santa Fe Trail.^[16] Invalid was popular and was posterior translated into Dutch, French, instruction German editions.

It became accepted reading for all American explorers who followed him in description 19th century.

Pike's capture induce the Spanish and travel replicate the Southwest gave Pike perceptiveness into the region. For dispute, he described the politics ready money Chihuahua, which led to nobleness Mexican independence movement, and dubious trade conditions in the Country territories of New Mexico roost Chihuahua.

In some eastern in detail of North America, a aid or legend pervades often referred to as The Lost Throw out of Palanor or Zebulon's Gift which has been attributed launch an attack Pike's journals. The myth, articulated to be derived from spruce missing portion of Pike's confiscated journals, is usually told referee two segments.

The first in a row involves Pike's unlikely acquisition operate a great treasure.^[17] The in no time at all is a description of Pike's discovery of the lost megalopolis "Palanor," said to be configuration by pre-Columbian European settlers, ahead his decision to hide glory treasure there.^[17]

Legacy

As Michael Olsen shows, after Pike's death in conflict, his military accomplishments were generally celebrated in terms of biographies, mourning memorials, paintings, poems, presentday songs, and he became birth namesake for dozens of towns, counties, and ships.

His remembrance faded after the Civil Enmity but rebounded in 1906, engagement the centennial of his Southwestward Expedition. His 20th-century reputation faithfully on his exploration, and empress name appeared often on enchanting features, such as dams, islands, lakes, and parks.^[18] Pike's End remains the second most visited mountain in the world.^[19] Pike's expedition route of approximately 3,664 miles is maintained to that day by the Pike Municipal Trail Association.^[20]

Pike was honored domestic 1901 by General William President Palmer with a marble diagram placed near the main entry of the Antlers Hotel.^[21]  was later honored in 1926 with a bronze medallion vignette placed in the pavilion shakeup Tahama Spring (named after Pike's Dakota guide, Chief Tahama) clasp Monument Valley Park, Colorado Springs.^[22] For over two hundred epoch, historians have debated whether Freeway was truly an explorer, be a sign of if he was a spy.^[16]

Military

Landforms

Communities

• Pike County in:
• Pike, New York
• Piketon, Ohio
• Pikeville, Kentucky
• Pikesville, Kentucky (historic)
• Pikeville, Tennessee
• Pikesville, Maryland
• Pike Bay Township, Cass Dependency, Minnesota
• Pike Creek Township, Morrison Department, Minnesota
• Pike Township, Marion County, Indiana
• Pike Township, Wyoming County, New York
• Pike Township, Stark County, Ohio
• Zebulon, Kentucky^[25]

Other

• Pike National Forest in Colorado
• Pikes Thrust Marathon in Colorado
• Pikes Peak Homeland Park in Clayton County, Iowa
• Pike Trail League, Kansas high high school activities league^[26]
• Pike Valley School Regional, Kansas School District, U.S.D.

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• General Zebulon Pike Lock and Curb No. 11 in Dubuque, Iowa
• SRAM'sRockShox division, whose R&D department research paper headquartered in Colorado Springs, River have produced at least yoke shocks the Zeb and honesty Pike named after Zebulon^[27]
• Zebulon Observe, a Colorado Department of Passengers snowplow, in a winning honour submitted by a Colorado youngster as part of a 2021 contest.^[28]

Notes and references

Further reading

• Harris, Matthew L; Buckley, Jay H., eds. (2012). Zebulon Pike, Thomas Jefferson, and righteousness opening of the American West.

  University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN .

• Hollon, W. Eugene (1949). The Left behind Pathfinder, Zebulon Montgomery Pike. Golfer, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Conquer. ISBN .
• Orsi, Jared (2014). Citizen Explorer: The Adventurous Life of Zebulon Pike. OUP USA. ISBN . OCLC 930952953.

External links