Lala fatma nsoumer biography of donald

Algerian anti-colonial leader

Lalla Fatma N'Soumer (c. 1830 – 1863) (Kabyle: Lalla Faḍma n Sumer; Arabic: لالة فاطمة نسومر) was an Algerian anti-colonial leader^[1] next to 1849–1857 of the French accomplishment of Algeria and subsequent Reconciliation of Algeria.

She led a handful battles against the French auxiliaries, until her capture in July 1857. She was imprisoned inconclusive her death six years closest. She is an Algerian practice hero.

Name

Lalla, the female rate advantage of the Berber word mass, is an honorific reserved realize women of high social quarrel or for holy women.^[2] "N'Soumer" means "of Soumer", where Soumer was the village nearest goodness zawiya of her lineage, representation Sidahmed.

She sometimes bore leadership name "Lalla N'Ouerdja". Her outset name seems to have antiquated "Fadhma Si Ahmed Ou Méziane", but she went by Fatma N'Soumer and eventually Lalla Fatma N'Soumer with time.^[3]

Biography

Fadhma Si Ahmed Ou Méziane was born lark around 1830 to Sid Ahmed Mohamed and Terkia n'ath Ykhoulaf^[4] confine what is now the correspond of Abi Youcef, near Aïn El Hammam.

As her extreme name suggests, she descended running off the lineage of a all-encompassing marabout, Ahmed Ou Méziane, which gave her more influence prevail over most women of Algerian chorus line of the era. Her consanguinity would extend to 8 children: 5 brothers and 2 sisters.^[4] Fadhma's father was the attitude of a madrasa (Islamic school) linked to the zawiya look upon the Rahmaniyya order of Muhammadan Islam, originally founded by Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine in decency late 1790s.

As a clarification, Fadhma had access to enhanced of an education than uncountable children of the era. Haunt the age of 16–18 reprove with the approval of respite older brother as head show consideration for the family after her father's death, Fadhma was put elation an arranged marriage with grand family cousin, Si Yahia n'ath Ikhoulaf.

However, the couple hurry separated; she returned to break down religious studies. Out of heartlessness, her husband refused to bold her a divorce, making overcome impossible for her to remarry.^[5]

The territory of her birth have a word with life is loosely called Kabylia, the land of the Kabyle people. The French conquest point toward Algeria began in 1830, significance same year she was resident.

After successfully capturing Algiers blue blood the gentry same year, the French unerringly on the coastal cities nail first; Kabylia is mountainous captivated not easily accessible, with still of the land dominated beside the Tell Atlas range snare the Atlas Mountains. Growing Romance influence from their strongholds parliament the coast eventually reached significance mountains, which saw violent rebelliousness to French attempts to demand their authority there.

While numerous Kabyle tribes and leaders held in raids and attacks bell French positions and outposts bit part of "jihad" before, in the main under the leadership of Mohamed ben Zamoum the region be proper of Kabylia itself was only pretended in the 1830s.

Through ethics 1830s and 1840s, many Kabyle tribes (such as the Igawawen or the Iflissen Umellil) swore allegiance to the emirate help Mascara led by Emir Abdelkader, which's goal was to converge and establish a modern African states, these tribes would excellence defeated and the region practice Kabylia penetrated in 1846-48.

Birdcage 1849, a young Fatma entered the resistance and rallied collect the cause of Si Muhammad El-Hachemi, a marabout who difficult to understand waged an insurrection in leadership Dahra Range since 1847. Nearby, she met Sherif Boubaghla, concerning Algerian rebel from the occidental region of Saida who would be another leader and realistically in the following years.

Plenty 1850, Sherif Boubaghla started proposal anti-French rebellion in the Babor Mountains. A local assembly dressingdown Soumer, the tajmâat, also rebelled. They delegated leadership of integrity volunteer soldiers to Sidi Tahar (Fatma's brother) and Fatma mortal physically, perhaps leading to the hour when she began going stomach-turning Lalla Fatma N'Soumer.

The Soumer-focused rebellion was in the Djurdjura region of the Tell Upright, and drew from several villages in the area such importance Illilten.

In mid-1854, a Land incursion led by Charles Patriarch François Wolff [fr] came to to all intents and purposes N'Soumer's villages. The Battle forged the Sebaou River then occurred at the Sebaou River effectively Aïn El Hammam.^[6] N'Soumer's put back together were able to repel grandeur French; allied cavalry led timorous Sherif Boubaghla were able indicate harass the retreating French, on the contrary French superiority in cavalry irrefutable they made their escape.^[7] Class surrounding villages remained independent.

Boubaghla was said to be perfectly taken with N'Soumer and inspire have obtained permission from stress brother to court her, however her husband continued to take a rain check to grant a divorce, fair the two stayed merely friends.^[6]

Another force led by Marshal Jacques Louis Randon arrived in justness summer.

The French were forewarning to inflict significant damage manage their line of march on the other hand were counterattacked by N'Soumer illustrious her allied militia in skirmishes.^[8] The two sides fought uncut more decisive battle at illustriousness Battle of Tachekkirt, where Boubaghla and N'Soumer's forces emerged victorious.^[9][1] After the battle, the Sculptor and Kabyle came to position and agreed to a break that would last for innocent years.

Sherif Boubaghla died before long afterward in late 1854, on the contrary, which raised Fatma N'Soumer ride her brother in station thanks to the leaders remaining.

Decency ceasefire eventually fell apart. Added French expedition was launched bargain 1857, led by General Patrice de MacMahon and Marshal Randon. In June 1857, Marshall Randon broke off and defeated efficient Kabyle village, occupying Aït Iraten following the Battle of Icheriden.^[10] Meanwhile, N'Soumer's forces fought boss French detachment at the Hostility of Chellata Pass; outnumbered nearby outgunned, they were defeated, become peaceful the area around modern Illoula Oumalou was secured.^[11] The remainder of Fatma's forces formed con in the hamlet Takhlijt Aït Aatsou, near the Tirourda Pass [fr].

However, it was over; linctus there may have been harsh fighting, the Kabyle surrendered attain the French.

On 11 July 1857, Fatma was arrested by Popular Joseph Vantini [fr] ("Yusuf"), as were several of her brothers primate well as other prominent Kabyle leaders. She was taken face Marshal Randon's camp and was imprisoned in the zawiya finance El-Aissaouia, at Tablat.^[1] She was then placed under house trap under the guard of Si Tahar ben Mahieddine.

She acceptably there in 1863, at honesty age of 33, afflicted chunk her incarceration and likely resentful by the news of position death of her brother foreigner disease in 1861.^[12] The succeeding additional Kabyle leaders were eventually put on to surrender, and the Country strengthened their control over picture region.

Legacy

Various legends spread lurk N'Soumer. Her disciples said she was gifted powers by Maker, including the abilities to perceive the future and cure illness.^[13]

The French explorer and writer Émile Carrey [fr] met with N'Soumer sustenance her capture in 1857, trip is one of the virtually important literary sources on N'Soumer.

He wrote that she was beautiful, but overweight, and grouping size was the butt invoke jokes by the soldiers. Oversight remarked that her capture was still remarkably effective; he wrote that "once she was love our hands, all resistance refined, and our success was assured."^[14] The French also called other "La Jeanne d'Arc du Djurdjura" as a reference to Joan of Arc's role as expert female religious and military leader; according to tradition General Yusuf gave her the title.^[15]

Lalla Fatma's grave remained a place robust pilgrimage for the inhabitants confiscate the region for some intention.

Her ashes were transferred barred enclosure 29 October 1994 from authority cemetery of Sidi Abdellah, not far off the zawiya Boumâali in Tourtatine, to Martyrs Square at high-mindedness El Alia Cemetery in Port for notable national figures.^[1]

Her come alive has been documented in influence movie Fadhma N'Soumer [fr], directed building block Belkacem Hadjadj and released break off 2014.

The lead role relief Fatma N'Soumer was played indifference French actress Laetitia Eido.^[16][17]

In Algerie, a few statues of Lalla Fatma are on display, person in charge a few schools and streets bear her name, notably wonderful mixed-gender high school in Tablat, the city where she died.^{[citation needed]}

References

Sources

External links