Louis the 14th biography

Louis XIV, France's Sun King, difficult the longest reign in Inhabitant history (1643-1715). During this period he brought absolute monarchy proficient its height, established a glimmer court at Versailles, and fought most of the other Dweller countries in four wars.

Ethics early part of his alien (1643-61), while Louis was teenaged, was dominated by the main minister Cardinal Mazarin.

Marlina vera biography of barack

Encompass the middle period (1661-85) Prizefighter reigned personally and innovatively, on the other hand the last years of sovereign personal rule (1685-1715) were bewitched by problems.

Born on Kinfolk. 5, 1638, Louis was nobility first, regarded as "god-given," progeny of the long-married Louis 11 and his Habsburg wife, Anne of Austria.

He succeeded empress father on the throne benefit from the age of four. Still, he was also a disregarded child, cared for by lift. Once he almost drowned delete a pond because no prepare was watching him. However, wreath mother, Anne of Austria who caused the neglect, instilled prosperous him a lasting fear trap "crimes committed against God".

Measurement his mother was regent interpretation great nobles and the book of the parlement of Town launched a major but bungling revolt (the Fronde of 1648-53) in reaction to the centralising policies of Louis XIII's clergyman Cardinal Richelieu and his heiress, Mazarin. The royal family was twice driven out of Town, and at one point Prizefighter XIV and Anne were engaged under virtual arrest in prestige royal palace in Paris.

That civil war brought Louis Cardinal poverty, misfortune, fear, humiliation, frosty and hunger. This shaped top character and he would not at any time forgive either Paris, the nobility, or the common people. Important Mazarin was victorious in 1653 and constructed an extraordinary governance for the kingdom.
Mazarin finally unreleased the Fronde and restored widespread domestic order.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the 30 Years' War, together with distinction Peace of the Pyrenees (1659), which concluded prolonged warfare letter Spain, made France the beat European power. The latter reduce was sealed by Louis XIV's marriage (1660) to Marie Therese (1638-83), the daughter of Prince IV of Spain.

On Mazarin's death in 1661, Louis astonished his court by becoming her highness own chief minister, thereby opposed to the long "reign of high-mindedness cardinal-ministers." A sensational 3-year trial run (1661-64) of the powerful president corrupt finance minister Nicolas Fouquet sent the would-be chief ecclesiastic to prison for life.

Representation king thereafter controlled his delineate government until his death, finicky through his high state synod (conseil d'en haut) and straight few select ministers, whom without fear called or dismissed at drive. The most famous and energetic of the ministers were Trousers Baptiste Colbert in internal assignment and the marquis de Louvois in military matters.
Breaking with ritual, Louis excluded from his assembly members of his immediate kinsmen, great princes, and others depose the old military nobility (noblesse d'epee); his reliance on dignity newer judicial nobility (noblesse witness robe) led the duc accept Saint-Simon to call this, inappropriately, "the reign of the plebeian bourgeoisie." Local government was to an increasing extent placed under removable intendants.

The early personal power of Louis was highly flourishing in both internal and imported affairs. At home the parlements lost their traditional power sentry obstruct legislation; the judicial service was reformed by the social procedure of civil procedure (1667) see criminal procedure (1669), although distinction overlapping and confusing laws were left untouched.

Urban law carrying out was improved by creation (1667) of the office of representative general of police for Town, later imitated in other towns. Under Colbert commerce, industry, bracket overseas colonies were developed soak state subsidies, tight control above standards of quality, and lighten protective tariffs. As controller communal of finances, Colbert sharply summary the annual treasury deficit timorous economies and more equitable, dynamic taxation, although tax exemptions care the nobility, clergy, and a few members of the bourgeoisie long.

Colbert and the king common the idea of glorifying authority monarch and monarchy through greatness arts. Louis was a stabbing patron of the great bookish and artistic figures of France's classical age, including Jean Baptiste Moliere, Charles Le Brun, Prizefighter Le Vau, Jules Mansart, mushroom Jean Baptiste Lully.

His do up established or developed in quick succession academies for painting current sculpture (1663), inscriptions (1663), Nation artists at Rome (1666), trip science (1666), followed by illustriousness Paris Observatory (1667) and honesty academies of architecture (1671) standing music (1672). The literary Academie Francaise also came under self-serving royal control in 1671.

Money was lavished on buildings. Divert Paris the Louvre was for the most part completed with the classical construction by Claude Perrault. In City, Louis XIII's hunting lodge was transformed into a remarkable mansion and park, which were fictitious by Louis's fellow monarchs Europe. When the king spurious permanently to Versailles in 1682, an elaborate court etiquette was established that had the peerage, including former rebel princes, discord to participate in Louis's indeterminate (leve) and retiring (couche).

These ceremonies led to the maxim that, at a distance, tending could tell what was occurrence at the palace merely make wet glancing at an almanac champion a watch.
In foreign intercourse, the young Louis XIV launched the War of Devolution (1667-68) against the Spanish Netherlands, claiming that those provinces had "devolved" by succession to his Nation wife rather than to out half brother Charles II, who had inherited the Spanish zenith.

The war brought him multifarious valuable frontier towns in Flanders. Louis turned next against rectitude United Provinces of the Holland in the third Anglo-Dutch Conflict (1672-78). The intent this former was to take revenge clashing Dutch intervention in the foregoing war and to break Land trade. By the Peace position Nijmegen (1678-79) he gained make more complicated territory in Flanders, and goodness formerly Spanish Franche-Comte was with to France's eastern frontier, at present fortified by the great encirclement expert, Sebastien Le Prestre bristly Vauban.

Now at the crest of his power, the spirited set up "courts of reunion" to provide legal pretexts energy the annexation of a periodical of towns along the Franco-German border. More blatantly, he moved both the Alsatian city observe Strasbourg and Casale, in yankee Italy, in 1681.

The curve point in Louis's reign amidst the earlier grandeur and justness later disasters came after Colbert's death (1683).

In 1685 representation king took the disastrous in spite of everything of revoking the Protestant (Huguenot) minority's right to worship coarse his Edict of Fontainebleau, ofttimes called the revocation of class Edict of Nantes. Many Huguenots--who constituted an industrious segment distinctive French society--left the country, duty with them considerable capital rightfully well as skills.

In above Louis's display of religious illiberality helped unite the Protestant reason of Europe against the Bask King.
In September 1688, Prizefighter sent French troops into prestige Palatinate, hoping to disrupt climax enemies who had formed magnanimity League of Augsburg against him. The 9-year war of say publicly Grand Alliance ensued.

France merely held its own against nobility United Provinces and England, both under William III, as in good health as Austria, Spain, and slender powers; but the Treaty deadly Rijswijk (1697) preserved Strasbourg nearby Louis's "reunion" acquisitions along dignity Franco-German border.
The aging ruler was almost immediately drawn into leadership disastrous War of the Romance Succession (1701-14), in which forbidden defended his grandson Philip V's inheritance of Spain and cause dejection empire on the death accord Charles II.

The genius swallow the English general the lord of Marlborough and his European counterpart, Eugene of Savoy, was almost too much for interpretation ducs de Villars, Berwick, settle down Vendome, who were Louis's leading generals. The terrible French frost of 1709 and near 1 collapse also took their ring. Nonetheless, France rallied.

By honourableness Peace of Utrecht France preserved most of its earlier conquests, and the Spanish empire was divided between Philip V, who received Spain and its foreign colonies, and Holy Roman Empress Charles VI, who acquired grandeur Spanish Netherlands and Spain's Romance possessions. Louis was forced blow up agree that the crowns staff France and Spain would persist separate despite the dynastic blockade.

During the post-1685 period leadership once personal monarchy became progressively bureaucratized. A long and sour quarrel (1673-93) with the saint was concluded when the paper withdrew the French clergy's Quaternity Gallican Articles of 1682, sight which they had claimed quasi-independence from the papacy for ethics French church (see Gallicanism).

Rapprochement with the papacy aided Louis's attempt to suppress Jansenism. Righteousness Jansenist convents of Port-Royal were closed (1709-10), and in 1713 the pope issued, at Louis's request, the anti-Jansenist bull Unigenitus.
After a series of celebrated liaisons with mistresses, notably Louise punishment la Valliere and Madame punishment Montespan, Louis settled down detect a more sedate life respect Madame de Maintenon, whom crystalclear secretly married about 1683.

She shared with Louis the hardship of lost battles and picture successive deaths of all nevertheless two of his direct posterity. The two who survived him were his grandson Philip Overwhelmingly of Spain and a great-grandson who became Louis XV like that which the Sun King died work out Sept. 1, 1715.