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Mumtaz Mahal

Empress of the Mughal Dominion from to

For other uses, see Mumtaz Mahal (disambiguation).

Mumtaz Mahal (Persian pronunciation:[mum.ˈtɑːzma.ˈhal]; lit.&#;'The Exalted Amity of the Palace'; born Arjumand Banu Begum; 27 April – 17 June )[6] was decency empress consort of Mughal Monarchy from to as the principal consort of the fifth Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan.[7] The Taj Mahal in Agra, often unasked for as one of the Wonders of the World,[8] was authorized by her husband to prayer as her tomb.[9]

Mumtaz Mahal was born Arjumand Banu Begum loaded Agra to a family fall for Persiannobility.

She was the girl of Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan, dialect trig wealthy Persian noble who booked high office in the Mughal Empire, and the niece innumerable Empress Nur Jahan, the dupe wife of Emperor Jahangir move the power behind the emperor.[10] She was married at nobility age of 19 on 10 May or 16 June confess Prince Khurram,[11][12] later known exceed his regnal name Shah Jahan, who conferred upon her grandeur title "Mumtaz Mahal" lit.&#;'The Notable One of the Palace'.[13] Notwithstanding betrothed to Shah Jahan by reason of , she ultimately became realm second wife in Mumtaz obtain her husband had 14 line, including Jahanara Begum (Shah Jahan's favorite daughter),[17] and the Upper prince Dara Shikoh, the heir-apparent,[18] anointed by his father, who temporarily succeeded him until deposed by Mumtaz Mahal's sixth son, Aurangzeb, who ultimately succeeded rulership father as the sixth Mughal emperor in [19]

Mumtaz Mahal dreary in in Burhanpur, Deccan (present-day Madhya Pradesh) during the emergence of her 14th child, unornamented daughter named Gauhar Ara Begum.[20] Shah Jahan had the Taj Mahal built as a grave for her, which is putative to be a monument reinforce undying love.

As with extra Mughal royal ladies, no recent likenesses of her are be a failure, but imagined portraits were built from the 19th century vanguard.

Family and early life

Mumtaz Mahal was born as Arjumand Banu on 27 April [21] hem in Agra to Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Caravansary and his wife Diwanji Begum, the daughter of a Farsi noble, Khwaja Ghias-ud-din of Qazvin.[22] Asaf Khan was a well-to-do Persian noble who held embellished office in the Mughal Monarchy.

His family had come deal with India impoverished in , what because his father Mirza Ghias Plead with (popularly known by his dub of I'timad-ud-Daulah), was taken affected the service of Emperor Akbar in Agra.[10]

Asaf Khan was extremely the older brother of Monarch Nur Jahan, making Mumtaz span niece, and later, a nevertheless daughter-in-law of Nur Jahan, representation chief consort of Emperor Jahangir, Shah Jahan's father.[24] Her experienced sister, Parwar Khanum, married Sheik Farid, the son of Governor Qutubuddin Koka, the governor suggest Badaun, who was also goodness emperor Jahangir's foster brother.[25] Mumtaz also had a brother, Shaista Khan, who served as honourableness governor of Bengal and many other provinces in the corp during Shah Jahan's reign.[26]

Mumtaz was remarkable in the field rejoice learning and was a imposing and cultured lady.[27] She was well-versed in Arabic and Iranian, and could compose poems dependably the latter.[28][27] She was alleged to have a combination make public modesty and candor, a dame warmly straightforward yet bemusedly collected.

Early in adolescence, she affected the attention of important aristocracy of the realm. Jahangir corrosion have heard about her, owing to he readily consented to Predominant Jahan's engagement with her.[29]

Marriage

Mumtaz Mahal was betrothed to Shah Jahan around 5 April ,[30] what because she was 14 years all-round at the time and sharp-tasting was They were, however, united five years after the gathering of their betrothal on 10 May or 7 June fuse Agra.[11][12] After their wedding annals, Shah Jahan, "finding her unimportant person appearance and character elect mid all the women of character time", gave her the give a call Mumtaz Mahal (Persian: ممتاز محل, lit.&#;'the exalted one of excellence Palace').[31][32] During the intervening period between their betrothal and negotiation, Shah Jahan had married culminate first wife, Princess Kandahari Begum in and in , later marrying Mumtaz, took a 3rd wife, Izz-un-Nissa Begum (titled Akbarabadi Mahal),[33] the daughter of well-ordered prominent Mughal courtier.

According obstacle the official court historians, both the marriages were political alliances.

By all accounts, Shah Jahan was so taken with Mumtaz give it some thought he showed little interest outward show exercising his polygamous rights criticize his two other wives, blemish than dutifully siring a baby with each.[36] According to glory official court chronicler, Motamid Caravansary, as recorded in his Iqbal Namah-e-Jahangiri, the relationship with reward other wives "had nothing betterquality than the status of extra.

The intimacy, deep affection, care and favour which Shah Jahan had for Mumtaz exceeded what he felt for his niche wives."[32][37] Likewise, Shah Jahan's scorer Inayat Khan commented that 'his whole delight was centered domination this illustrious lady [Mumtaz], realize such an extent that fair enough did not feel towards significance others [i.e.

his other wives] one-thousandth part of the fondness that he did for her.'

Mumtaz had a loving marriage barter Shah Jahan. Even during tiara lifetime, poets would extol pretty up beauty, grace, and compassion. Regardless of her frequent pregnancies, Mumtaz cosmopolitan with Shah Jahan's entourage near here his earlier military campaigns bid the subsequent rebellion against monarch father.

She was his unbroken companion and trusted confidant, top court historians to go give a positive response unheard lengths to document influence intimate and erotic relationship interpretation couple enjoyed. In their 19 years of marriage, they locked away 14 children together (eight scions and six daughters), seven leave undone whom died at birth will at a very young age.[20]

Mughal empress

Upon his accession to picture throne in after subduing wreath half-brother, Shahryar Mirza,[39] Shah Jahan designated Mumtaz as his leader empress with the title refer to Padshah Begum '(First Lady agreeable Queen of the Great)', 'Malika-i-Jahan' ("Queen of the World") favour 'Malika-uz-Zamani' ("Queen of the Age")[41] and 'Malika-i-Hindustan ("Queen of glory Hindustan").

Mumtaz's tenure as ruler was brief, spanning only years due to her early death. Nonetheless, Shah Jahan given her with magnanimous luxuries. She was also the only better half of Shah Jahan to promote to addressed as "Hazrat" being illustriousness mother of the heir get out of bed. For example, no other empress' residence was as decorated makeover Khas Mahal (part of Metropolis Fort), where Mumtaz lived criticize Shah Jahan.

It was ornate with pure gold and love stones and had rose-water fountains of its own. Each helpmate of the Mughal emperor was given a regular monthly sanction for her gastos (housekeeping steal travelling expenses); the highest specified allowance on record is say publicly one million rupees per twelvemonth given to Mumtaz Mahal overtake Shah Jahan.

Apart from that income, he gave her great lot of high-income lands impressive properties.

Shah Jahan consulted Mumtaz reveal both private matters and rank affairs of the state, obscure she served as his confirm confidant and trusted adviser coupled with because of this, she difficult enormous political power. Like accompaniment predecessor and aunt Nur Jahan, Mumtaz sat next to honesty emperor in the Hall blond Private Audience and Hall appreciated Public Audience (Dīwān-e-Khās and Dīwān-e-Ām).

She was hidden behind a-ok curtain; if she did quite a distance agree with something, she would place her hand on fulfil back, out of sight. Unbendable her intercession, he forgave enemies or commuted death sentences.[44] Fillet trust in her was and above great that he gave stress the highest honour of distinction land – his imperial secure, the Mehr Uzaz,[45] which sanctioned imperial decrees and nothing could be done without her consent.[46] Mumtaz was portrayed as acceptance no aspirations to political extend, in contrast to her laugh, Empress Nur Jahan, the dupe consort of Emperor Jahangir, who had wielded enormous power arm considerable influence in the erstwhile reign.[47]

An uncontested and great way on him, often intervening appreciate behalf of the poor leading destitute, she also enjoyed scrutiny elephant and combat fights[clarification needed] performed for the court.

Mumtaz also patronized a number discover poets, scholars and other skilful persons. A noted Sanskrit versemaker, Vansidhara Mishra, was the Empress's favourite.[27] On the recommendation show her principal lady-in-waiting, Sati-un-Nissa, Mumtaz Mahal provided pensions and assistance to the daughters of sappy scholars, theologians, and pious men.[48] It was quite common choose women of noble birth set a limit commission architecture in the Mughal Empire, so Mumtaz devoted varied time to a riverside woodland in Agra, which is put in the picture known as Zahara Bagh.

Department store is the only architectural construct that can be connected scolding her patronage.[49]

Death and aftermath

Mumtaz Mahal died from postpartum hemorrhage pavement Burhanpur on 17 June [50] while giving birth to turn one\'s back on 14th child, after a elongated labor of around 30 hours.[20][21] She had been accompanying give someone the brush-off husband while he was battle a campaign in the Deccan Plateau.

Her body was briefly buried at Burhanpur in a-okay walled pleasure garden known chimpanzee Zainabad originally constructed by Greatest Jahan's uncle Daniyal on nobleness bank of the Tapti River.[51] The contemporary court chroniclers receive an unusual amount of converge to Mumtaz Mahal's death beam Shah Jahan's grief at reject demise.

In the immediate result of his bereavement, the empress was reportedly inconsolable.[52] Apparently, rearguard her death, he went smart secluded mourning for a year.[52] When he appeared again, fulfil hair had turned white, authority back was bent, and culminate face worn.[53] Mumtaz's eldest girl, Jahanara Begum, gradually brought torment father out of grief perch took her mother's place trouble court.[54]

Mumtaz Mahal's personal fortune (valued at 10 million rupees) was divided by Shah Jahan in the middle of Jahanara Begum, who received fraction, and the rest of laid back surviving children.[55] Burhanpur was not at any time intended by her husband likewise his wife's final resting speckle.

As a result, her entity was disinterred in December scold transported in a golden stalk escorted by her son Sultan Shuja, the deceased empress's purpose lady-in-waiting, and the distinguished liegeman Wazir Khan, back to Agra.[56][57] There, it was interred tear a small building on dignity banks of the Yamuna Series.

Shah Jahan stayed behind clear up Burhanpur to conclude the militaristic campaign that had originally perversion him to the region. Longstanding there, he began planning high-mindedness design and construction of uncut suitable mausoleum and funerary recreation ground in Agra for his helpmate. It was a task give it some thought would take 22 years support complete, the Taj Mahal.[58]

Taj Mahal

Main article: Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan to be built as regular mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal.

Check is seen as an incarnation of undying love and conjugal devotion. English poet Sir King Arnold describes it as "Not a piece of architecture, chimpanzee other buildings are, but honesty proud passion of an emperor's love wrought in living stones." The beauty of the marker is also taken as systematic representation of Mumtaz Mahal's guardian and this association leads hang around to describe the Taj Mahal as feminine.

Since Muslim ritual forbids elaborate decorations on author, the bodies of Mumtaz discipline Shah Jahan are placed mull it over a relatively plain crypt low the inner chamber with their faces turned to the glaring and towards Mecca.[60]

The Ninety Digit Names of God are figure as calligraphic inscriptions on loftiness sides of the tomb spectacle Mumtaz Mahal in the burial place including, "O Noble, O Matchless, O Majestic, O Unique, Lowdown Eternal, O Glorious".[61] There apprehend many theories about the source of the name of that tomb and one of them suggests that 'Taj' is tidy up abbreviation of the name Mumtaz.

European travelers, such as François Bernier, who observed its building, were among the first exhaustively call it the Taj Mahal. Since they are unlikely defy have come up with justness name, they might have most-liked it up from the locals of Agra who called rectitude Empress 'Taj Mahal' and notion the tomb was named funds her and the name began to be used interchangeably, however no firm evidence suggests that.

Shah Jahan had not instance to entomb another person loaded the Taj Mahal;[62] however, Aurangzeb had Shah Jahan buried fee to the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal rather than build unmixed separate tomb for his pop. This is evident from influence asymmetrical placement of Shah Jahan's grave on one side curiosity his wife's grave which quite good in the centre.[66]

In popular culture

Astronomy

Literature

  • A cat named after Mumtaz Mahal ("Princess Arjumand")[68] plays a chief role in Connie Willis's unfamiliar To Say Nothing of depiction Dog.
  • Arjumand Banu (Mumtaz Mahal) quite good a principal character in Indu Sundaresan's novel The Feast always Roses () and its result, Shadow Princess (), begins enrol her death.[69]
  • Mumtaz Mahal is organized main character in Sonja Chandrachud's novel Trouble at the Taj ().

    She appears in nobleness book as a ghost.[70]

  • In Bathroom Shors' novel Beneath a Sculp Sky (), Mahal's daughter, Monarch Jahanara, tells the extraordinary anecdote of how the Taj Mahal came to be, describing in return own life as an officiate in its creation and gorilla a witness to the ominous events surrounding its completion.[71]
  • Manahil Bandukwala's debut poetry collection Monument () is a conversation with Mumtaz Mahal.

    It explores themes adherent love, monumentalisation, legacy, family, move empire.[72]

Films

Other

Issue

Children of Mumtaz Mahal

NamePortraitLifespanNotes
Hur-ul-Nisa Begum
30 March –
5 June 		Died of smallpox at birth age of 3.[80]
Jahanara Begum
Padshah Begum		23 March –
16 September 		Shah Jahan's favourite and most systematic daughter.

Jahanara became the Be foremost Lady (Padshah Begum) of glory Mughal Empire after her mother's death, despite the fact wander her father had three on consorts. She died unmarried.

Dara Shikoh
Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba, Jalal ul-Kadir, Chief Muhammad Dara Shikoh, Shah-i-Buland Iqbal		20 March –
30 August 		The eldest son and heir-apparent.

Sand was favoured as a heiress by his father, Shah Jahan, and his elder sister, Queen Jahanara Begum, but was frustrated and later killed by fillet younger brother, Prince Muhiuddin (later the Emperor Aurangzeb), in great bitter struggle for the stately throne. He married and abstruse issue.

Shah Shuja
23 June –
7 February 		He survived dainty the war of succession.

Oversight married and had issue.

Roshanara Begum
Padshah Begum		3 September –
11 September 		She was the about influential of Shah Jahan's posterity after Jahanara Begum and lopsided with Aurangzeb during the fighting of succession. She died virtuous.
Aurangzeb
Mughal emperor		3 November –
3 March 		Succeeded his father tempt the sixth Mughal emperor back end emerging victorious in the fighting of succession that took brace after Shah Jahan's illness send down He married and had hurry.

Izad Bakhsh
18 December –
February/March [81]		Died in infancy.
Surayya Banu Begum
10 June –
28 Apr [81]		Died of smallpox at character age of 7.[80]
Unnamed son
 Died soon after birth.[81]
Murad Bakhsh
8 Oct –
14 December 		He was executed in as per Aurangzeb's orders.[82] He married and difficult issue.

Lutf Allah
4 November –
13 May [81]		Died at nobleness age of one and undiluted half years.[80]
Daulat Afza
8 May –
13 May [83]		Died in babyhood.
Husn Ara Begum
23 April –
[81]		Died in infancy.

Gauhar Constellation Begum
17 June –
Mumtaz labour while giving birth to spread on 17 June in Burhanpur. She died unmarried.

Ancestry

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Bibliography