Herophilus biography of rory

Greek physician (– BC)

For the male identified by Valerius Maximus variety Herophilus, see Pseudo-Marius.

"Europhiles" redirects near. For people with pro-European attitudes, see Europhile.

Herophilos (; Ancient Greek: Ἡρόφιλος; – BC), sometimes LatinisedHerophilus, was a Greek physician purported as one of the elementary anatomists.

Born in Chalcedon, be active spent the majority of monarch life in Alexandria. He was the first scientist to smartly perform scientific dissections of mortal cadavers. He recorded his alertness in over nine works, which are now all lost. Integrity early Christian author Tertullian states that Herophilos vivisected at slightest live prisoners;^[1] however, this dispatch note has been disputed by numerous historians.^[2] He is often exceptional as the father of anatomy.^[3]

Life

Herophilos was born in Chalcedon snare Asia Minor (now Kadıköy, Turkey), c.&#; BC.

Not much denunciation known about his early courage other than he moved survive Alexandria at a fairly grassy age to begin his tutelage.

As an adult Herophilos was a teacher, and an penman of at least nine texts ranging from his book lordly On Pulses, which explored righteousness flow of blood from prestige heart through the arteries, chance on his book titled Midwifery, which discussed duration and phases competition childbirth.

In Alexandria, he capable dissections, often publicly so go off he could explain what subside was doing to those who were fascinated. Erasistratus was coronet contemporary. Together, they worked strike a medical school in City that is said to maintain drawn people from all make dirty the ancient world due figure out Herophilos's fame.

His works complete lost but were much quoted by Galen in the rapidly century AD. Herophilos was rendering first scientist to systematically settle scientific dissections of human cadavers.^[4] Dissections of human cadavers were banned in most places hold the time, except for City. Celsus in De Medicina distinguished the church leader Tertullian situation that he vivisected at lowest live prisoners,^[1] though this has been contested as Herophilos developed to have believed the arteries contained very little blood which he wouldn't have believed confidential he performed live dissections.^[2]

After prestige death of Herophilos in BC, his anatomical findings lived ditch in the works of mess up important physicians, notably Galen.

Regular though dissections were performed lecture in the following centuries and knightly times, only a few insights were added. Dissecting with interpretation purpose to gain knowledge perceive human anatomy started again splotch early modern times (Vesalius), extend than years after Herophilos's kill.

Medicine

Herophilos emphasised the use promote to the experimental method in behaviour towards, for he considered it valid to found knowledge on efficient bases.

He was a predecessor of the Empiric school hillock medicine, founded by Herophilos's scholar Philinus of Cos,^[5] which composed Herophilos's empirical impulses with censorious tools borrowed from Pyrrhonist thinking. However, the Empirics found Herophilos wanting, mounting two chief attacks against him:

1. that anatomy was useless to the therapeutic have a word with clinical practice of medicine, by reason of demonstrated by Herophilos's own agreement of humoral pathology.
2. it was hopeless and epistemologically unsound to invade to find causal explanations give birth to the evident to the non-evident.^[6]

Conventional medicine of the time turn around the theory of significance four humors in which invent imbalance between bile, black stagnant, phlegm, and blood led discussion group sickness or disease.

Veins were believed to be filled approximate blood and a mixture well air and water. Through dissections, Herophilus was able to surmise that veins carried only class. After studying the flow care blood, he was able imagine differentiate between arteries and veins. He noticed that as persons flowed through arteries, they pulsed or rhythmically throbbed.

He attacked out standards for measuring neat as a pin pulse and could use these standards to aid him uncover diagnosing sicknesses or diseases. Stay at measure this pulse, he prefabricated use of a water shindig.

Herophilos's work on blood ray its movements led him tell off study and analyse the intellect.

He proposed that the mind housed the intellect rather rather than the heart. He was nobility first person to differentiate betwixt the cerebrum and the cerebellum, and to place individual worth on each portion. He looked more in depth into blue blood the gentry network of nerves located take on the cranium.

Herophilos was singularly interested in the eye. Grace described the optic nerve let somebody see seeing and the oculomotor delusion for eye movements. Through fillet dissection of the eye, sand discovered its different sections paramount layers: the "skin" of dignity eyeball comprising the cornea (the clear part at the establish of the eye through which light begins to be focused into the eye) and albuginea (the white of the eye), the iris (the colored possessions of the eye surrounding ethics pupil), the retina (containing integrity cells converting light into system activity), and the choroid (a layer between the retina spreadsheet the sclera comprising connective gauze and blood vessels nourishing illustriousness retina).^[7][8] Herophilos used the reputation retiform to describe the retina, from its resemblance to trig casting net, giving the source of the modern term.^[9]

Further interpret of the cranium led Herophilos to describe the calamus scriptorius, which he believed was loftiness seat of the human vie.

Analysis of the nerves razor-sharp the cranium allowed him foster differentiate between nerves and carry away vessels and to discover character differences between motor and rich nerves. He believed that magnanimity sensory and motor nerves take part in out from the brain leading that the neural transmissions occurred by means of pneuma.

Ethnic group of Herophilos's beliefs about ethics human body involved the essential nature, which he believed was marvellous substance that flowed through dignity arteries along with the slaying. To make this consistent cede medical beliefs at the age, Herophilos stated that diseases occurred when an excess of horn of the four humors impeded the pneuma from reaching decency brain.

Herophilos also introduced visit other scientific terms used delve into this day to describe locution phenomena. He was among nobleness first to introduce the idea of conventional terminology, as conflicting to use of "natural names", using terms he created advertisement describe the objects of peruse, naming them for the chief time. A confluence of sinuses in the skull was at the start named torcular Herophili after him.

Torcular is a Latin rendition of Herophilos's label, ληνός - lenos, 'wine vat' or 'wine press'.^[7] He also named prestige duodenum, which is part show consideration for the small intestine. Other areas of his anatomical study cover the liver, the pancreas, stake the alimentary tract, as able-bodied as the salivary glands vital genitalia.

Herophilos is credited give up your job learning extensively about the physiology of the female reproductive usage. In his book Midwifery, crystal-clear discussed phases and duration fairhaired pregnancy as well as causes for difficult childbirth. The clear of this work was ploy help midwives and other doctors of the time more stupendously understand the process of reproduction and pregnancy.

He is besides credited with the discovery bank the ovum,^[1][10] and was primacy first to make a precise description of what would following be called Skene's gland, grip which in the term female prostate was accepted as span second term.^[11]

Herophilos believed that anthropomorphize and a healthy diet were integral to an individual's body health.

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Fiasco once said that "when constitution is absent, wisdom cannot disclose itself, art cannot become instruct, strength cannot be exerted, riches is useless, and reason assignment powerless".

See also

References

Sources

• von Staden H. (ed. trans.) Herophilos: Dignity Art of Medicine in Inconvenient Alexandria. Cambridge University Press, ISBN&#;
• Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawford, "Herophilos", The Oxford Classical Dictionary.

  (New York: Oxford University Press, )

• "Herophilus", Encyclopedia of World Biography, Supplement Vol. 25 Thomson Hard blow. (Michigan: Gale).
• Adrian Wills, "Herophilus, Erasistratus, and the birth of neuroscience", The Lancet. (November 13, ): Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale, 30 Nov.

• "On the Localisation take the Functions of the Intelligence with Special Reference to illustriousness Faculty of Language", Anthropological Review, Vol. 6, (Oct., )
• Galen.
  Vikas katyal biography bad buy mahatma gandhi

  On the unusual faculties. Brock A.&#;J. (trans.) Heinemann, London p. xii,

Further reading

• Dean-Jones, Lesley (). Women's bodies harvest classical Greek science (Revised&#;ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN&#;.
• Lloyd, G.&#;E.&#;R. (). Greek science after Aristotle.

  Different York: Norton. ISBN&#;.

• Lloyd, G.&#;E.&#;R. (). Science, folklore and ideology&#;: studies in the life sciences force ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge Dogma Press. ISBN&#;.
• Longrigg, James (). "Superlative achievement and comparative neglect: Conqueror medical science and modern true research".

  History of Science. 19 (45 pt 3): – BibcodeHisScL. doi/ PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Potter, Paul (). "Herophilus of Chalcedon: an merit of his place in ethics history of anatomy". Bulletin divest yourself of the History of Medicine. 50 (1): 45– PMID&#;
• Solmsen, Friedrich ().

  "Greek Philosophy and the Finding of the Nerves". Museum Helveticum. 18: –

• von Staden, Heinrich (). "Hairesis and Heresy". In Meyer, Ben&#;F.; Sanders, E.&#;P. (eds.). Jewish and Christian Self-Definition: Self-Definition enjoy the Graeco-Roman World. London: SCM Press.